FamilyBusiness,EthnicityandGenderintheNewBusinessVenture（一）.pptVIP

Family Business, Ethnicity and Gender in the New Business Venture What is a family business? There is no finite definition of ‘a family business’ It is estimated that family businesses (large and small) comprise 75% of all businesses in the UK and employ over 50% of the workforce Westhead and Storey(1997): ·???????? Those having undergone an intergenerational transition ·???????? Those having more than 50% of shares owned by family members ·???????? And/or more than 50% of family members are involved in day-to-day management ·???????? Where the company considers itself to be a family firm Families and Businesses as Systems The Characteristics of Female Entrepreneurs Until the mid 1980s it was assumed that female behaviour conformed to that found in studies which used male samples. The studies have been subsequently criticised, they were highly important in delineating a hitherto ‘invisible’ group, and challenging the view that entrepreneurship is a gender-neutral activity Early Studies Schreier (1973) found that the female entrepreneur had much in common with her male counterpart. Difference focused on the sectors of activity selected by females (services and retailing) Schwartz (1976) found particular barriers for females in: Access to finance Lack of training and business knowledge Underestimating the financial and emotional cost of starting a business Hisrich and Brush (1986) Motivations for start-up Search for job satisfaction Independence and achievement Problems Initial undercapitalisation Lack of knowledge anf training in business skills Social belief that women are not as serious about business as men Watkins and Watkins (1984) Women often had no relevant experience to enable them to start up a business, forcing them into traditionally female sectors Choice of business sector tended to be where barriers were lower, not a conscious choice to enter ‘female sectors’ Goffee and Scase (1985) Developed a typology based on Attachment to traditional entrep