环境生态学三.pptxVIP

种群 （population）;种群是物种具体的存在单位、繁殖单位和进化单位。 种群不是某个种多个个体的简单组合，形成种群的个体间存在相互作用，使得种群具备个体所没有的群体特征。 种群是一种特殊组合，具有独特的性质、结构和功能，它是一个具有自我组织自我调节能力的整体。 在具体研究中，一个种群在时间和空间上的界限可随研究人员的需要而定。;区别种群和种(物种)的概念 种 是能够相互配育的自然种群的类群，不同种之间存在生殖隔离现象，是一个分类阶元。 *一个物种可以包括许多种群； *不同种群之间存在明显的地理隔离，长期隔离有可能发展为不同亚种，甚至产生新的物种。;种群生态学;Figure 2. Theoretical simulation of biofilm formation based on local ecological adaptation of individuals. (a) In response to appropriate signals (purple zone), two bacterial cells attach independently to a surface. (b) Each cell has access to sufficient levels of oxygen and carbon (blue zone) and begins to divide on the surface (blue cells). Cells are a sufficient distance apart that at this stage, they do not impact on each other’s environment and do not interact. (c) As cells continue to grow on top of one another, a microcolony is formed. Metabolism of cells near the surface restricts diffusion of oxygen and carbon to the cells at the bottom of the microcolony (red zone). Cells at the bottom of the microcolony adapt to this local change in environment (red cells), creating phenotypic heterogeneity within this single microcolony. (d) In a stochastic manner, a proportion of cells switch to express higher levels of EPS (yellow cells); these cells promote vertical growth and establishment of macrocolonies. EPS-expressing cells, and cells nearby, benefit from increased vertical topology through improved access to oxygen and carbon. Finally, as cells grow higher in the macrocolony, they become subjected to higher shear forces (green zone).较高的剪切力（绿区）。These cells adapt to this new local environment (green cells), generating even further heterogeneity within the biofilm. (e) Mature macrocolonies coalesce to form the mature biofilm. This is a simplistic and hypothetical description of how local adaptation of individuals to changing microenvironments during growth on a surface could result in the formation of bacterial communities with complex form and phenotypic heterogeneity.;数量特