国际货币和金融经济学课件10.pdfVIP

An Open Economy An Open Economy Framework Framework Gross Domestic Product • Economist track the overall or aggregate amount of economic activity using gross domestic product (GDP) • GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy during a given time period. Daniels and VanHoose An Open Economy Framework 2 Nominal versus Real • Nominal GDP measures the current market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy during a given time period. • Real GDP, in contrast, in a price-adjusted measure of aggregate output. • Real GDP is calculated by dividing nominal GDP by the GDP price deflator. Daniels and VanHoose An Open Economy Framework 3 Price Measures • The GDP price deflator is a measure of the overall price level of an economy. • The consumer price index (CPI) is a weighted sum of prices of goods and services that the government determines a typical consumer purchases each year. • The producer price index (PPI) is a weighted average of the prices of goods and services that the government determines a typical business receives from selling its products during a given year. Daniels and VanHoose An Open Economy Framework 4 The Circular Flow of Expenditures Saving, Imports and Consumption Changes in Desired Investment Government Spending and Net Taxes Exports ňVZèèŅVè ʼn\TYVWèŗYP ŘSèŅTTVSWèSèňVQè ʼnYPVYQèŖPèōSQ ŘèňVZSèSèèōŗè ŗYPèè ŘèőS]èňQè ŗYPè ŅèʼnYPVYQèèè őVèSVèŖPèőS]è ņPWèè ŘèňVZSèSèèŐäőè ŗYP ŇWèèèŖPè őS]èŗYTTP]è ōŗäŐőèèʼnYPVYQèè ňWYPVYQèè ŘèņŔèŗYPèèè