循环系统X线诊断-英文PPT.ppt

Radiodiagnosis in the Circulatory System;Section 1 The Heart;1. Types of Heart in the Plain Films ;The angle of the cardiac axis（心轴角） : it is an acute angle formed by a line from the conjunction of the great vessules of the right cardiac border and the right atrium（心房） to the cardiac apex（心尖） and a horizontal line which passes through the cardiac apex.;The horizontal type （横型） 45 ° ( 32°~ 35°) The oblique type （斜型） = 45 ° ( 43°~ 45°) The pendulous type（悬垂型） 45 ° ( 52°~ 55°);A type of the heart can derive from several heart diseases. For example,;2. Different routine projections of the cardiac atria and ventricles ;PA: posteroanterior radiograph（后前位）;LL: left lateral radiograph（左侧位）;RAO: right anterior oblique radiograph（右前斜位）cardiac atria are distinguished from cardiac ventricles. Two cardiac atria locate in the posterior superior part of the heart and two cardiac ventricles overlap and settle down in the anterior inferior part of the heart.;LAO: left anterior oblique radiograph（左前斜位）the shadow of the heart is divided into two halves of the right heart and left one. The right one stays in the front and the left one rests on the back.;3. The cardiothoracic ratio(心胸比率);Relation between size of the heart and the cardiothracic ratio:;4. Changes of pulmonary blood ;5. Pulmonary edema(肺水肿) ;Cases in the Heart;Case 1. 正常心脏三位片;On the LL radiograph, the spaces exist in the precardiac and retrocardiac clearances. There is no significant change in the shadows of the arches of the heart. On the RAO radiograph, all the shadows of the arches appear clear and nature in the heart. There is no compressive displacement in the esophagus. Nothing is remarkable in the precardiac and retrocardiac apaces. Diagnosis: Normal in the lungs, heart, and diaphragm.;Case 2. 风湿性心脏病;On the LL radiograph, the clearances are closed in both precardiac and retrocardiac spaces due to enlargement of the heart. The enlarged left atrium compresses the esophagus to form an indentati