抗生素与农业（英文PPT）Antibioticsin Agriculture Science Public Policy and the .pptVIP

Antibiotics in Agriculture: Science, Public Policy, and the Marketplace The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis Federal Interagency Task Force, 2001: Antimicrobial resistance is “a growing menace to all people” Without effective action, treatments for common infections “will become increasingly limited and expensive – and, in some cases, nonexistent.“ Relative Causation Medical overuse is a major factor But, massive agricultural use of antibiotics likely also plays a large role in generating and distributing resistance genes Precise quantification of relative contributions probably impossible… ... but simultaneous action on medical and agricultural fronts is not! Key terminology Non-therapeutic Generally added to feed For “growth promotion” For “routine prophylaxis” – compensate for crowded conditions Therapeutic Treat sick animals or those likely to get sick because of illness in the herd or flock “Routine Prophylaxis” Crowding Stress Poor hygiene Poor diet Premature weaning Medically important antibiotics used as non-therapeutic feed additives Macrolides Penicillins Tetracyclines Streptogramins Aminoglycosides Lincomycin Sulfonamides Bacitracin Transfer of Resistance Genes The Role of Residues Antibiotic residues NOT major focus of concern Testing finds occasional violations of residue standards But, even if residue standards fully met, antibiotic resistance problem remains! Public-health consensus National Academies Institute of Medicine, 2003: Clearly, a decrease in antimicrobial use in human medicine alone will have little effect on the current situation. Substantial efforts must be made to decrease inappropriate overuse in animals and agriculture as well. WHO Review: A Phaseout is Doable “Internationally there has been considerable speculation about the effects of antimicrobial growth promoter termination on efficiency of food animal production, food safety, and consumer prices. These issues have been addressed in the “Danish expe