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Anti-infective Drugs Jan Bazner-Chandler MSN, CNS, RN, CPNP Bacteria Bacteria Gram-positive bacterium has a thick layer of peptioglycan. Gram-negative bacterium has a thin peptioglycan layer and an outer membrane. Common Bacterial Pathogens Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus Streptocci Enterococci Gram negative Escherichia coli or E-coli Klebsiella Proteus Pseudomonas Empiric Therapy Administration of antibiotics based on the practitioner’s judgment of the pathogens most likely to be causing the infection; it involves the presumptive treatment of an infection to avoid treatment delay before specific cuture information has been obtained. Prophylactic Antibiotic Therapy Antibiotics taken before anticipated exposure to an infectious organism in an effort to prevent the development of infection. IV antibiotics given prior to surgery Superinfection An infection occurring during antimicrobial treatment for another infection, resulting from overgrowth of an organism not susceptible to the antibiotic used. A secondary infection that occurs due weakening of the patients immune system by the first infection. Examples of Superinfections Fungal or yeast infection Diarrhea due to diminished normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract. Laboratory Tests Gram stain – microscopic identification of organism Culture – identifies causative agent and susceptibility to specific antibiotics Serology – titers or antibodies measured CBC – looking at WBC Cultures Throat Wound Urine Sputum Blood Clinical Pearl Always collect culture: urine, sputum, wound drainage, or blood prior to starting antibiotic therapy. If technician is drawing blood make sure it has been done before starting antibiotics. Antimicrobials Drugs used to prevent or treat infection caused by pathogens Two Classifications Bactericidal drugs kill bacteria directly. Bacteriostatic drugs prevent bacteria from dividing or inhibits their growth. Infectious Disease Infections disease involves the presence of pa