Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像的介绍.pptVIP

Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging Benjamin M Ellingson, MS Marquette University 21 February 2007 Quantum Theory of Magnetic Resonance Quantum Theory of Magnetic Resonance Quantum Theory of Magnetic Resonance Quantum Theory of Magnetic Resonance So, B0 (static magnetic field) causes some particles to align antiparallel, but most align parallel Classical View: Vector sum of all magnetization is parallel to B0 Theory of Magnetic Resonance Because of the Uncertainty Principle, spins cannot completely align with B0 because the momentum of the particle cannot be defined completely, instead they precess or wobble around B0 at the Larmor Frequency. Theory of Magnetic Resonance Perturb Magnetic Equilibrium By applying a horizontal oscillating field at Larmor frequency (B1) produces a torque on the magnetization vector, M0. Since |B1| |B0| the net field is still in z-dir Causes M0 to “tip” into xy-plane. RF Excitation RF Excitation: Effect of Frequency Relaxation After excitation, if B1 field is turned off the spins undergo relaxation in both transverse and longitudinal directions at different rates. Transverse Relaxation = T2-relaxation = Spin-Spin Relaxation Corresponds to dephasing of neighboring spins Causes decrease in Mxy Longitudinal Relaxation = T1-relaxation = Lattice Relaxation Causes increase in Mz after excitation MR Signal If we have a lot of 1H excited such that they are spinning in phase in the xy-plane (i.e. changing magnetic field) we can detect this with an antenna due to Faraday’s Law of Induction: MR Signal: Free Induction Decay As T2 relaxation occurs (Mxy decreasing), sinusoidal signal at antenna decays with T2 envelope ? Free Induction Decay (FID) Localization via Magnetic Field Gradients In a static magnetic field, we have no way of knowing where MR signal is coming from (i.e. all 1H are precessing at same frequency): Localization via Magnetic Field Gradients To solve this problem we introduce a GRADIENT FIELD Gradient magnetic fields