浅谈流域开发环境影响评价.pptVIP

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浅谈流域开发环境影响评价.ppt

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浅谈流域开发环境影响评价

* OILMAP Fates Algorithms Entrainment: Mackay (1980) or Audensen(1979) OILMAP Fates Algorithms Emulsification: Mackay et al. (1982) The exponential rise mousse formation algorithm is presented by Mackay et al. (1982). The rate of water incorporated into oil, is given as: OILMAP Fates Algorithms Emulsifiaction, cont.: Rate of water incorporation: Where: Uw - wind speed (m/sec) C1 - empirical constant: 2x106 for emulsifying oil 0 for others C2 - constant controlling the maximum water content: 0.7 for heavy fuel oil and crude oil 0.25 for home heating oil Fwc - maximum fraction of water in oil (oil characterization input value). OILMAP Fates Algorithms Shoreline morphology: The amount of oil which can be deposited onshore is a function of the area of the shore exposed to tide and wave action. OILMAP defines a beach width and angle (slope) for each type of shoreline OILMAP Fates Algorithms Shoreline morphology: Example values for Arctic (from Gundlach et al., 1990a,b,c) Foreshore Backshore Shore Type Width Angle Width Angle 1. Exposed rocky shore 25 11.2 30 8.1 2. Gravel/cobble/boulder 15 10.0 25 3.5 3. Peat/tundra scarp 30 32.4 30 32.4 4. Sand beach 20 3.2 35 1.4 5. Mixed sand/gravel 20 6.1 25 2.2 6. Tidal flat 80 0.4 80 0.4 7. Wetland/marsh 35 3.6 20 2.1 OILMAP Fates Algorithms Maximum surface oil thickness for various beach types as a function of oil viscosity (CSE/ASA/BAT, 1986). Oil Thickness (mm) by Oil Type Shore Type Light Medium Heavy (30 cSt) (30-2000 cSt) (2000 cSt) 1. Exposed rocky shore 0.5 2 2 2. Gravel/cobble/boulder 2 9 15 3. Peat/tundra scarp 0.5 2 2 4. Sand beach 4 17 25 5. Mixed sand/gravel beach 2 9 15 6. Tidal flat 3 6 10 7. Wetland/marsh 6 30 40 OILMAP Fates Algorithms Reflotation Oil on the beach face may be refloated on a rising tide. As oil is refloated from the foreshore surface, it is either combined with an e