《生物化学Biochemistry》双语课件PPT 10 糖酵解、糖异生及磷酸戊糖途径glycolysis.pptVIP

glycolysis (from the Greek glykys, meaning “sweet”） lysis, meaning “splitting” Metabolism Catabolism Energy-yielding reactions For non-photosynthetic organisms, two sources of fuel Diet Fats, carbonhydrates, proteins Stored compounds Fats, starch, glycogen Glycolysis: Embden Meyerhof pathway 1854-1864, Louis Paster, fermentation—”vital force” 1897, Hans Buchner and Eduard Buchner Yeast cell-free extracts , sucrose First time that fermentation could occur outside cell Importance of Glycolysis An almost universal central energy yielding path Provides precursors for many biosynthetic paths The starting point －－－ glucose The process ends －－－ two pyruvate molecules Additional products of glycolysis include two ATPs and two NADHs Illustrates enzyme mechanisms Illustrates regulatory mechanisms Glycolysis The sequence of reactions from glucose to pyruvate acid is common to carbohydrate metabolism under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol. Some Points About Glucose Glucose is very soluble source of quick and ready energy. It is a relatively stable and easily transported. In mammals, the brain uses only glucose under non-starvation conditions. Glucose is the only source of energy in red blood cells. Glycolysis has 10 Steps Importance of Phosphorylated Intermediates 1. Plasma membrane generally lacks transporters for phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates. 2. Phosphoryl groups are essential components in the enzymatic conservation of metabolic energy. Energy released in the breakage of phosphoanhydride bonds (ATP) is partially conserved in the formation of phosphate esters (glucose 6-phosphate). High-energy phosphate compounds (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate) donate phosphoryl groups to ADP to form ATP. 3. Binding energy resulting from the binding of phosphate groups to the active sites of enzymes lowers the activation energy and increases the specificity of the enzymatic reactions. 1st Stage of Glycolysis