HateBias Crimes Insights and Response Strategieshatebias犯罪见解和对策.ppt

* Police Relations with LGBT Communities 1. Creation of task forces and councils to establish ongoing dialogue and networking 2. Public forums that allow police officials to meet the LGBT community 3. Appointment of a police official to be a liaison with the LGBT community 4. Involvement of prosecutors in the development of policies, procedures, communications, and awareness training * Hate Crime Laws: Federal Laws Federal laws provide criminal and civil causes of action for victims of hate crimes in the U.S., regardless of whether they are citizens Hate crimes may be reported to the FBI for criminal prosecution Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999 * Hate Crime Laws: State Laws Almost every state and the District of Columbia have enacted laws that can be invoked to redress bias-motivated crimes “Penalty-enhancements” statutes were upheld unanimously by the U.S. Supreme Court in its 1993 decision of Wisconsin v. Mitchell Penalty enhancements are legal when the defendant intentionally selects their victim based on the victim’s race, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, or disability * Why Special Laws on Hate Crimes? There are those, including some law enforcement leaders, who argue that there is no need for special laws dealing with hate/bias crimes because there are already statutes covering specific crimes. For example, an assault by one person on another is prosecutable in all jurisdictions. Therefore, the argument runs, why would such an assault be prosecuted differently even it was motivated by a person’s hate or bias toward victims because of their color, ethnic background, race, religion, sexual orientation, gender, or disability? * Hate/Bias Crime and Incident Investigations—General Checklist 1. Assigned officer/first responder 2. Patrol field supervisor 3. Watch commander 4. Assigned investigator or specialized unit 5. Crime prevention, community relations or specialized unit 6. Training unit * Models for Investigating Hate/Bias