结缔组织病肺间质改变的诊治进展pps 疾病学术中心课件.ppt

NEOPLASM （文字部分） Zhu keqing 竺可青 Pathology Department Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2012-12 Neoplasia literally means the process of new growth, and a new growth is called a neoplasm. The term tumor was originally applied to the swelling caused by inflammation. Neoplasms also may induce swellings, but by long precedent, the non-neoplastic usage of tumor has passed into limbo; thus, the term is now equated with neoplasm. Oncology (Greek oncos = tumor) is the study of tumors or neoplasms. Cancer is the common term for all malignant tumors. Although the ancient origins of this term are somewhat uncertain, it probably derives from the Latin for crab, cancer-presumably because a cancer adheres to any part that it seizes upon in an obstinate manner like the crab. Tumor/neoplasm/neoplasia/Mass Benign tumors Malignant tumors/cancer 我国常见恶性肿瘤依次为： 胃癌、肝癌、肺癌、食管癌、大肠癌、白血病及淋巴瘤、子宫颈癌、鼻咽癌、乳腺癌 肿瘤是机体在各种致瘤因素作用下，局部组织的细胞在基因水平上失去对其生长的正常调控，导致克隆性异常增生而形成的新生物。这种新生物常形成局部肿块。 Oncology Neoplastic proliferation/clonal/clonality Nonneoplastic proliferation/polyclonal Tumorigenic agent/carcinogen 定义 A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change. We know that the persistence of tumors, even after the inciting stimulus is gone, results from heritable genetic alterations that are passed down to the progeny of the tumor cells. These genetic changes allow excessive and unregulated proliferation that becomes autonomous (independent of physiologic growth stimuli), although tumors generally remain dependent on the host for their nutrition and blood supply. The entire population of cells within a tumor arises from a single cell that has incurred genetic change, and hence tumors are said to be clonal. 1. 肿瘤的一般形态和结构 数目 大小 形状 颜色 硬度 All tumors, benign and malignant, have two basic components: (1) proliferating neo