组胚学英文版课件Digestive land.ppt

Alcoholic fatty liver, or steatosis, is usually an asymptomatic and reversible liver condition associated with mild to moderate alcohol use in which lipid accumulates within hepatocytes. Severe steatosis may lead to hepatomegaly and mildly elevated serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels. Grossly, a fatty liver appears yel-low and greasy compared to the normal red-brown appearance of liver tissues. Chronic alcohol abuse, particularly heavy binge drinking, may lead to alcoholic hepatitis, an in? ammatory condition of the liver characterized by abdominal dis-comfort, malaise, hepatomegaly, and abnormal liver tests. Severe cases may result in fulminant hepatic failure. Histologic features of alcoholic hepatitis include a neutrophilic in? ltrate, hepatocyte edema and necrosis, and the presence of Mallory bodies, which are cellular accumulations of cytokeratin intermediate ? laments. Some patients will progress to alcoholic cirrhosis characterized by regenerating nodules of hepatocytes with intervening ? brous septae. This image shows portal ? brosis, in? ltration by neutrophils, fatty change, and Mallory bodies. Gallstones are a condition in which stones are formed in the gallbladder or in the bile ducts. There are two major types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. The size of gallstones can range from that of a grain of sand to a golf ball. Cholesterol stones are pale yellow, radiolucent, and large (1–3 cm), whereas pigment stones are black, radiopaque, and smaller (1 cm). This gross photograph shows a fresh cholecystectomy specimen containing multiple cholesterol stones. Gallstones are a condition in which stones are formed in the gallbladder or in the bile ducts. There are two major types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones are far more common than pigment stones in Western countries and the United States. Risk factors for gallstones include female gender, obesity, oral contraceptives, and being of Nort