Chapter3 from Moran and Shapiro3章从莫兰和夏皮罗.pptVIP

Thermodynamic Properties Property Table -- from direct measurement Equation of State -- any equations that relates P,v, and T of a substance Ideal -Gas Equation of State Any relation among the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a substance is called an equation of state. The simplest and best-known equation of state is the ideal-gas equation of state, given aswhere R is the gas constant. Caution should be exercised in using this relation since an ideal gas is a fictitious substance. Real gases exhibit ideal-gas behavior at relatively low pressures and high temperatures. Example Ideal Gas “Law” is a simple Equation of State Question …... Ideal Gas Law Good approximation for P-v-T behaviors of real gases at low densities (low pressure and high temperature). Air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon, neon, carbon dioxide, …. ( 1% error). Compressibility Factor The deviation from ideal-gas behavior can be properly accounted for by using the compressibility factor Z, defined as Real Gases Pv = ZRT or Pv = ZRuT, where v is volume per unit mole. Z is known as the compressibility factor. Real gases, Z 1 or Z 1. Compressibility factor What is it really doing? It accounts mainly for two things Molecular structure Intermolecular attractive forces Principle of corresponding states The compressibility factor Z is approximately the same for all gases at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure. Reduced Pressure and Temperature Compressibility factor for ten substances (applicable for all gases Table A-3) Where do you find critical-point properties? Table A-7 Reduced Properties This works great if you are given a gas, a P and a T and asked to find the v. However, if you are given P and v and asked to find T (or T and v and asked to find P), trouble lies ahead. Use pseudo-reduced specific volume. Pseudo-Reduced Specific Volume When either P or T is unknown, Z can be determined from the compressibility chart with the help of the pseudo-r