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Mass Exchangers Mass Exchangers Mass Exchangers Mass Exchangers Mass Exchangers Mass Exchangers Mass Exchangers Mass-Exchange Network Synthesis Given a number NR of waste (rich) streams (sources) and a number NS of MSAs (lean streams), it is desired to synthesize undesirable species from the rich streams to the MSAs. * Direct-contact mass-transfer unit Utilizes a Mass Separating Agent (MSA) to selectively remove pollutants from rich streams (waste streams). The MSA should be partially or completely immiscible in the rich phase. Absorption, liquid solvent removes certain components from a gas. Examples: Desulfurization of flue gas using alkaline solutions. VOC’s recovery using light oils NH3 removal from air using water. Adsorption, a solid adsorbs specific components from a gaseous or liquid solution. Examples: The use of granular activated carbon For the removal of benzene/toluene/xylene mixture from underground water. Separation of ketones from aqueous wastes of an oil refinery. Recovery of organic solvents from the exhaust of polymer manufacturing facilities. Extraction, employs a liquid solvent to remove components from other liquid. Examples: Wash oils are used To remove phenol and polychlorinated biphenyls from aqueous wastes of synthetic-fuel plants. To remove Chlorinated hydrocarbons for organic wastewater. Ion Exchange, cation and/or anion resins are used to replace undesirable anionic species in liquid solution with non-hazardous ions. Examples: Removal of dissolved metals, cyanides, phenols, and halides from wastewater. Cation-exchange resins may contain mobile, positive ions such as, Na+ or H+ which are attached to immobile acid groups, such as sulfonic or carboxylic. Anion-exchange, OH- or Cl- attached to amine. Leaching, selective solution of specific components of a solid mixture when brought in contact with a liquid solvent. Examples: Removal of metals from solids or sludge. Stripping, desorption of