Philsophy 115 Lecture 8b The Square of Opposition哲学115讲8B反对方.pptVIP

Critical ThinkingLecture 9The Square of Opposition By David Kelsey The Square of Opposition The square of opposition: represents the logical relationships that can hold between any two corresponding standard form categorical claims. For any two standard form claims to correspond to each other: A……….Contraries…………….E . .(cannot both be ____) . . . . . . . Contradictories . . (__________________) . . . . . . . . . . . . . I…………Subcontraries……….O (cannot both be _____) Contraries Subcontraries Corresponding A and E claims are contraries: Contraries cannot both be true. For example Corresponding I and O claims are subcontraries. Subcontraries cannot both be false. For example Contradictory claims Contradictories: Corresponding A and O claims are contradictories. And corresponding I and E claims are contradictories. One true, the other false: Never the same T-value: Using the square Inferring truth values using the square: Using the square of opposition and given the truth value of any standard form categorical claim one can always infer the truth value of at least one of the other corresponding three standard form claims. Say the A-claim All monkeys are mammals is true. The square tells us: What can be inferred from the square A true clam at the top of the square of opposition: given this one can infer the truth value of Given an A claim is true: And similarly for a true E claim. A false claim at the bottom of the square: from this one can infer the truth value of Given an I claim is false: And similarly for a false O claim. What can be inferred inusing the square #2 Given a false claim at the top of the square of opposition one can infer the truth value of Similarly for a true claim