任意可逆循环的热温比的与为零.pptVIP

* Entropy In studying the efficiency of a Carnot engine we learned that if an ideal engine absorbs an amount of heat Qi at temperature Ti and then discards heat Qo at To , the quantities are related by or 1. Energy and entropy If we adopt the convention that the heat extracted is negative and heat input is positive , then the above relation becomes : P 330 - 334 An arbitrary reversible cycle can be approximated by a series of Carnot cycles . For each of the small Carnot cycle , we know that : Summing over all the isothermal paths along which heat ?Qj is either absorbed or rejected at temperature Tj , we obtain : 任意可逆循环的热温比的和为零 By letting the heat become arbitrarily small , the sum approaches an integral For an reversible cycle , the line integral taken around a complete cycle is zero . In the other words , for an reversible cycle the line integral between two states depends only on those states not on the path connecting them . 可逆循环热温比的积分与路径无关 To understand why the line integral is independent of the path , consider the system moving reversibly along path R1 from A to B , then back to A along a different reversible path . We have Because each path is reversible so that 证明可逆循环热温比的积分与路径无关 In a reversible process , the line integral is independent of the path , therefore , it has physical significance . The line integral is called the change in entropy between any two states A and B connected by a reversible process . 由于任意可逆循环的热温比的积分与路径无关，将这个积分叫做熵变。熵是状态参量，熵与能量同样重要。 What is the change in entropy for an irreversible process ? An irreversible process can not be represented by a continuous path on a PV diagram because it does not move through a series of equilibrium states . However , we can join the ends of an irreversible process on a PV diagram by a reversible process , then approximate the entire cycle by a series of small cycle . 不可逆过程的熵变？ For an irreversible cycle or Summing over all such cycles , and passing to the limit we obtain ： This equation means that