河外星系5.pptVIP

xkong@ xkong@ * xkong@ * 第六章 河外星系 研究历史 星系分类 星系测量 特殊星系 星 系 团 星系演化 /~xkong/introast * xkong@ * 星系的形成和演化 How then did those different galaxies come into being? Do we understand galaxy formation as well as star formation? The answer is no! * xkong@ * 星系的形成和演化 Why? galaxies are much more complex than stars they are harder to observe (z~6.93) the observations are harder to interpret. whereas stars almost never collide with one another, galaxies may suffer many collisions and mergers during their lives, making it much harder to decipher their pasts. * xkong@ * How did galaxies form? * xkong@ * Our best models for galaxy formation assume: Matter originally filled all of space almost uniformly Gravity of denser regions pulled in surrounding matter * xkong@ * Denser regions contracted, forming protogalactic clouds H and He gases in these clouds formed the first stars * xkong@ * Supernova explosions from first stars kept much of the gas from forming stars Leftover gas settled into spinning disk Conservation of angular momentum * xkong@ * But why do some galaxies end up looking so different? M87 NGC 4414 * xkong@ * How did the Hubble sequence of galaxy morphologies form? How do galaxies interact with their environment? What are the global histories of SF, metal enrichment, and gas consumption? What is the relationship between active galactic nuclei and their host galaxies? z = 1000 z= 0 Formation of galaxies? * xkong@ * How did the Hubble sequence of galaxy morphologies form? * xkong@ * * xkong@ * How do galaxies interact with their environment? 10^5 galaxies with redshift 10^7 In 2008 * xkong@ * 两种模型 * xkong@ * 自下而上（bottom-up）模型 较小的(~106 M⊙)、不规则星系首先形成 星系合并形成较大的(~109-1011 M⊙)星系 在引力的作用下聚集成星系团和超星系团，产生星系团间的巨洞 * xkong@ * 观测证据: Hubble空间望远镜的深场观测发现位于2000 Mpc距离之外存在大量的不规则的小星系（超过同类星系在近距离星系中的比例）。 * xkong@ * 原始气体的坍缩首先产生巨大的(~1014M⊙)、薄饼状的云块(超星系团)。 云块分裂成星系团和星系。 由上而下 模型（top-down） * xkong@ * * xkong@ * * xkong@ * Deep observations show us very distant ga