基于PID控制器的两自平衡小车设计.docVIP

本科毕业设计 摘 要 两轮自平衡小车具有体积小、结构简单、运动灵活的特点，适用于狭小和危险的工作空间，在安防和军事上有广泛的应用前景。两轮自平衡小车是一种两轮左右平衡布置的，像传统倒立摆一样，本身是一种自然不稳定体，其动力学方程具有多变量、非线性、强耦合、时变、参数不确定性等特性，需要施加强有力的控制手段才能使其保持平衡。 本文在总结和归纳国内外对两轮自平衡小车的研究现状，提出了自己的两轮自平衡小车软硬件设计方案，小车硬件采用陀螺仪和加速度传感器检测车身的重力方向的倾斜角度和车身轮轴方向上的旋转加速度，数据通过控制器处理后，控制电机调整小车状态，使小车保持平衡。由于陀螺仪存在温漂和积分误差，加速度传感器动态响应较慢，不能有效可靠的反应车身的状态，所以软件使用互补滤波算法将陀螺仪和加速度传感器数据融合，结合陀螺仪的快速的动态响应特性和加速度传感器的长时间稳定特性，得到一个优化的角度近似值。 文中最后通过实验验证了自平衡小车软硬件控制方案的可行性。 关键词：自平衡 互补滤波 数据融合 倒立摆 Two-wheeled Self-balancing Robot Ma Xuedong (College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China) Abstract:The two-wheeled self-balancing robot is small in mechanism, with simple structure and can make flexible motion, suitable for narrow and dangerous work space. So it has wide range of applications in security and military. The two-wheeled self-balancing robot is a natural unstable system. The device of this system is a parallel arrangement of two single wheels, like a traditional inverted pendulum. Its dynamics are multi-variable, non-linear, serious coupling and uncertain parameters etc. It must be exerted strong control to make it stable. In this paper, studies on two-wheel self-balancing vehicle at home and abroad are summarized. We designed the hardware and software of our two-wheel self-balancing vehicle. The car using rotational accelerometers, gyroscopes and acceleration sensors to detect body condition and the state in which the pitch change rate. The central processing unit calculate the appropriate data and instructions, and control the motor to achieve the body balancing. Because of gyro drift problems and Integral error with accelerometers and slow dynamic response of acceleration sensors. It can’t provide effective or reliable information to reflect the real state of its body. So we using complementary filter to fuse the data of two sensors, so that the inclination of its body can be approximated better. Finally, we verified the feasibility of the system’s