机械外文翻译文献翻译液压系统.docVIP

外文原文： Theory of fluid properties We will concentrate mainly on three fluid properties in this chapter: ? The density which leads to mass and hence to hydraulic inertia effects. ? The viscosity which leads to the hydraulic friction effects. ? The compressibility and thus the bulk modulus which leads to the hydraulic system stiffness. Notice that the compressibility effect can be modified by air release, cavitation phenomena and by expansion of a pipe, hose or chamber containing the hydraulic fluid. 1 Density and compressibility coefficient The density is the mass of a substance per unit volume: Density has dimensions of [M/L] and is expressed in kilograms per cubic meter [kg/m]. As mentioned previously the density is a function of the pressure and the temperature: This function can be approximated by the first three terms of a Taylor series: This can also be expressed as: With And This equation is the linearized state equation for a liquid. Using the definition of the density, the two coefficients α and B can also be expressed as: B is known as the isothermal bulk modulus or for simplicity the bulk modulus and α is known as the cubical expansion coefficient. Since fluid density varies with the applied pressure, this implies that a given mass of fluid submitted to a pressure change changes its volume. This phenomenon leads to the definition of the compressibility coefficient β: where β is expressed in units Pa (or m/N). Considering the relation for a closed hydraulic circuit the mass is constant, and hence: it follows that Using the definition of the compressibility coefficient β we obtain: More usually we use the bulk modulus B also known as the volumetric elasticity modulus: The relation between ρ and B implies mass conservation. This relation must be RIGOROUSLY RESPECTED in the calculations. In the modeling and simulation context of fluid energy systems, disregarding the relation between ρ and B leads to abnormal evolutions of pressure in the closed circuit