The McGraw-Hill Companies-John W Santrock：美国麦格劳-希尔公司约翰W JohnSantrock.pptVIP

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The McGraw-Hill Companies-John W Santrock：美国麦格劳-希尔公司约翰W JohnSantrock.ppt

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The McGraw-Hill Companies-John W Santrock：美国麦格劳-希尔公司约翰W JohnSantrock

Birth What Happens During the Birth Process? What Are Some Measures of Neonatal Health and Responsiveness? How Do Low Birth Weight And Preterm Infants Develop? What Happens During the Postpartum Period? Birth Images of Children: A Fantastic Voyage Cindy and Tom recount the hours and changes that took place before their son, Tanner Roberts, was born and during his birth process. Stages of the Birth Process First stage Lasts about 12 to 24 hours; longest stage Contractions are about 15–20 minutes apart; occur closer together as birth nears Contractions dilate cervix to opening about 4 inches Allows baby to move from uterus to birth canal Stages of the Birth Process Second stage Approximately 45 minutes to an hour Baby moves through cervix and birth canal Mother pushes down, contractions come almost every minute Stages of the Birth Process Third stage (Afterbirth) Placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes detached and expelled Fastest stage; lasts only minutes Childbirth Setting And Attendants Childbirth setting and attendants 99% of U.S. births occur in hospital 91% of U.S. births attended by physician Who helps during birth process varies across cultures Some exclude fathers from process Some attended by family members or open to community Childbirth Setting And Attendants Midwives: norm in most of world 8% of U.S. births attended by midwives U.S. certified nurse midwives spend more time with patients in prenatal visits Place emphasis on counseling and education Provide more emotional support to mother Are present during entire birth process Childbirth Setting And Attendants Doulas Provide continuous physical, emotional, and educational support before, during, and after childbirth Most in U.S. work independently, typically function as part of ‘birthing team’ Methods of Childbirth Methods of delivery: medications Analgesia: used to relieve pain Anesthesia: used in late first-stage labor and during expulsion to block sensation Epidural block: nu