Search Parameters - The Electronic Universe搜索参数-电子的宇宙.pptVIP

Nov 10, 2003 Frey Cosmic Rays -- Overview Outside earth’s atmosphere, these are charged particles, 86% protons These primary cosmic ray particles interact with air high in the atmosphere (?15 km), creating showers of secondary particles By time the secondaries reach sea level, the muons dominate the flux The detectable (vertical) rate at sea level is ?1/cm2/min (e.g. in CRDs) Outside the solar system, CRs have an energy density of ?1 eV/cm3 Starlight: 0.6 eV/cm3 1 eV = 1.6 ? 10-19 J ?30% of natural radiation Provide charge and seeds for lightning composition of primaries 90% protons (not anti-protons) The remainder mostly follow solar system abundances (eg meteorites and solar photosphere) Spallation of O and C nuclei, for example, create more Li, Be, B than is typical of solar system energy and origin of primaries Steeply falling, power law energy spectrum For E?1014 eV, spectrum and flux are consistent with acceleration by shock waves from supernovae (“Fermi acceleration”) For larger energy, mechanism is unknown (black hole at galactic center??) For E?1019 eV, protons would not be captured by galactic magnetic field (3?10-10 T) So higher energy CRs must be extra-galactic... but GZK cutoff... a mystery cosmic rays at earth’s surface (secondaries) Primaries interact at z?15 km, producing a shower of (mostly) short-lived particles. e.g. pion (??) lifetime is 2.6?10-8 s The long-lived secondaries are: e?, photons: mostly absorbed neutrinos (?): practically invisible muons (??): ??=lifetime is 2.2?10-6 s Without time dilation, muons would travel d?c?=660 m, with a survival fraction e-0.66/15 ?10-10 Instead, for a 10 GeV muon, ?=10/0,1=100, then mean distance is 66 km. (OK) Detectable (vertical) flux is ?1/cm2/min Simulated event: start...end Movie Sim tool * June 28, 2006 QuarkNet, R Frey from QuarkNet CRD manual June 28, 2006 QuarkNet, R Frey cosmic rays solar system * * *