CHEMICAL BONDING - Yale Department of Chemistry：化学键-耶鲁大学化学系.pptVIP

CHEMICAL BONDING Cocaine Chemical Bonding Problems and questions — How is a molecule or polyatomic ion held together? Why are atoms distributed at strange angles? Why are molecules not flat? Can we predict the structure? How is structure related to chemical and physical properties? Forms of Chemical Bonds There are 2 extreme forms of connecting or bonding atoms: Ionic—complete transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another Covalent—some valence electrons shared between atoms Most bonds are somewhere in between. Ionic Bonds Essentially complete electron transfer from an element of low IE (metal) to an element of high affinity for electrons (nonmetal) 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2 Na+ + 2 Cl- Therefore, ionic compds. exist primarily between metals at left of periodic table (Grps 1A and 2A and transition metals) and nonmetals at right (O and halogens). Covalent Bonding The bond arises from the mutual attraction of 2 nuclei for the same electrons. Electron sharing results. (Screen 9.5) Chemical Bonding: Objectives Objectives are to understand: 1. valence e- distribution in molecules and ions. 2. molecular structures 3. bond properties and their effect on molecular properties. Electron Distribution in Molecules Electron distribution is depicted with Lewis electron dot structures Valence electrons are distributed as shared or BOND PAIRS and unshared or LONE PAIRS. Bond and Lone Pairs Valence electrons are distributed as shared or BOND PAIRS and unshared or LONE PAIRS. Bond Formation A bond can result from a “head-to-head” overlap of atomic orbitals on neighboring atoms. Valence Electrons Electrons are divided between core and valence electrons B 1s2 2s2 2p1 Core = [He] , valence = 2s2 2p1 Rules of the Game No. of valence electrons of a main group atom = Group number Rules of the Game ?No. of valence electrons of an atom = Group number ?For Groups 1A-4A (14), no. of bond pairs = group number ? For Groups 5A (15)-7A (17), BP’s = 8 - Grp