ATOMIC MASS amp; ISOTOPES：原子质量amp；同位素.ppt

ATOMIC MASS ISOTOPES Atomic mass is a relative scale Similar to comparing the distances between Cincinnati to Columbus and Cincinnati to Toledo It is twice as far to Toledo If we set the distance to Columbus as our standard making it 12; Then the distance to Toledo would be 24 Chemists originally used Oxygen as the standard making it 16 but… Today we use Carbon-12 Remember that carbon-12 indicates a specific isotope of carbon Since the mass of hydrogen atoms is 1/12 that carbon-12 we set the Atomic Mass of Hydrogen to 1 Likewise, Magnesium atoms are twice as massive as C-12, hence Mg = 24 a.m.u. Interestingly- if you add up the actual masses of an atom’s protons and neutrons, they will not equal their a.m.u. value WHY? Remember- the a.m.u. value is relative to carbon-12 In fact, earliest methods involved reacting the standard element with the element to be determined From the resulting ratio the atomic mass would be determined Isotopes Defined as atoms of the same element having different atomic masses due to a difference in the number of neutrons each atom possesses Designated by giving the atomic mass along with the element’s name or symbol carbon-12, C-12, carbon-14, C-14 Atomic Mass Periodic Table The value printed on the Periodic Table is a weighted average of all the element’s isotopes Average Atomic Mass =sum of the (Mass Isotope A x Percent Abundance) + (Mass Isotope B x Percent Abundance) + (Mass Isotope n x Percent Abundance) Divide by 100 Examples Calculate the average atomic mass for Gallium made up of 60.4% Ga-68 (68.926 amu) and 39.6% Ga-71 (70.925) Solution (68.926 x 60.4) + (70.925 x 39.6) = 100 69.7171604 calculator value 69.7 amu corrected to 3 sig figs How many times heavier is the Gallium atom than the Carbon-12? 69.7÷12 = 5.8083333 or 5.81 Another solution approach is to change the percent abundance of each isotope to a decimal thereby eliminating the need to divide by 100 (68.926 x .604) + (70.925 x .396)=69.7 Same a