美容院促销活动方案大全 TITLE.ppt

Bowel Obstruction: Backup Along the 750 By Shelba Durston, RN, CCRN, MSN Nursing made Incredibly Easy! March/April 2009 2.5 ANCC contact hours Online: ? 2009 by Lippincott Williams Wilkins. All world rights reserved. Small and Large Intestines Small intestine (longest organ in the GI tract) Three major divisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum Main function is complete digestion of food Most nutrients and water are absorbed in 6- to 8- hour passage Large intestine Segments: cecum; appendix; ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon; rectum Main functions are elimination of waste and absorption of water Bowel Obstruction Occurs in the small (most common) or large intestine (sigmoid colon most common) Can be partial or complete Severity depends on the region of the bowel, the degree of occlusion, and the degree of vascular disruption Bowel Obstruction In small bowel obstruction, large amounts of fluid and gases are trapped above the area of obstruction, leading to abdominal distention Dehydration can develop from loss of water and sodium Hypovolemia occurs as fluids are pulled from the vascular bed to the site of the obstruction Peristalsis below the obstruction decreases, which leads to bacterial overgrowth and may lead to peritonitis If the blood supply is cut off, it can lead to necrosis Causative Factors Extrinsic bowel obstruction Begins outside the GI tract Adhesions, herniations, or masses Intrinsic bowel obstruction Lumen blockage Caused by acute or chronic bowel disease inflammation, congenital defects, or tumors Intraluminal bowel obstruction Caused by the inability of material to pass through the GI tract (meconium, foreign bodies, impactions) Mechanical Causes Adhesions: Loops of intestine become adherent to areas that heal slowly or scar after abdominal surgery (most common cause of small bowel obstruction) Herniations: The intestine protrudes through a weakened area in the abdominal muscle or wall Volvulus: Bowel twists and t