第四讲、动词的语态.docVIP

动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承受者。 例：中国人常这样说：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你准时到那里。 英美人常这样说：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你准时到那里。 这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。 一、通常在下列情况下使用被动语态： A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者 例： How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音？ Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。 A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。 After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。 B. 强调动作的承受者 例：If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。（强调you） A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a new Hope School） She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她。 Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。 C. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物 例：The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。 We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。 Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。 D. 修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称。 例：He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。 The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。 I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。 E. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己。 例：Youve been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。 注意： 1）有些使役动词和感官动词,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to 等，在主动结构中跟不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上to。 　　 The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。 -- I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）. 　　 We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。 -- He was seen to play football on the