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2.This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is aphilosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.这本书取材于全国各类学校数十年的教学实践，它基于这样一种理念，即哲学是一门名副其实让人感兴趣的学科，它不仅适合于有才华的大学生，同样适合每个人学习。无论是否上过哲学课，每个人都是哲学家。两者的差别是系统学过哲学的人会碰到更强有力更变化多端的争辩而未学过哲学的人可能很少遇到过。这本书的特别之处在于它提供给初学者一个机会，让他们可以直接接触到丰富的读物，这些读物是从有关哲学的重大书籍中选择出的。这样初学者就不必非得完全去阅读那些通常难理解的重大哲学书籍。3. （2006.06）Social progress has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development. With it, indeed because of it, today the middle-class family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or less, himself. This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impossible. Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other. Besides, the necessity of cultivating teenagers’ moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting.社会的进步已使人们不必非常辛劳地工作，使人们有空余时间发展个性。伴随着社会进步，事实上正是因为社会的进步，选择的中等家庭期望家中的每个成员发展自己独一无二的个性，这或多或少也是其他每个人所想的。家庭为一个独特个性的发展提供环境成了一种新的义务，这可能使家庭里意见一致变得极端困难。对于个性相差很大的一小组人而言，没有什么问题比让他们彼此和谐相处更难以解决的。另外，必须培养孩子品行端正的性格，这无疑增大了做父母教育孩子的困难。12.当消费者意识到有某种需求时，购买过程就开始了。这种需要意识可能源自如饥饿等内在因素，也可能