英国在热带非洲及西亚的委任统治比较.docxVIP

英国在热带非洲和西亚的委任统治比较【内容提要】英国在热带非洲的坦噶尼喀、多哥、喀麦隆，与西亚肥沃新月地带的伊拉克、外约旦和巴勒斯坦实行的“委任统治”有共同的来源，都是1922年得到国际联盟“授权”的。英国在两处都推行“扶持地方势力”、“军事和经济控制”等所谓“间接统治”的方式，但英国在热带非洲和西亚遇到的问题并不一样：热带非洲坦噶尼喀等地不是巴勒斯坦和伊拉克那样的战略和交通要地，未受到大国过多的关注；热带非洲不存在英国事先的“许诺”，也没有遇到在伊拉克和巴勒斯坦遭受的那样强烈的反抗；不过，从后果看，委任统治带给热带非洲和肥沃新月地带各民族的负面影响几乎是一样的。如边界分割导致的领土争端和民族纠纷，不适宜的制度移植和殖民时期经济的畸形发展，阻碍了这些地区后来独立的国家的正常发展。The Britains mandate over Tanganyika, Togo and Cameroon in the Tropical Africa and that of Iraq, Trans-Jordan in the Fertile Crescent areas of the Western Asia had a common origin, which was mandated by the International Union in 1922. Britain had taken the same Indirect rules over these regions, just as supporting local powers, controlling with economy and military etc. , but the problems that Britain faced were different in the two areas. The Tanganyika and other countries in the tropical Africa, which was not as strategic and geographic as Palestine and Iraq, had not been paid close attention by Great Powers. Furthermore, there was no severe revolting as that of the Arabs in Palestine and Iraq out of Britains “Promise.” However, the negative influences that Britains mandate imposed upon the people in the two areas was almost the same. These influences include territory dispute and national issues as a result of the border divide, unbalanced economic development and institute transplant during the colonial period, which had hindered the normal development of those later independent countries in these areas.【关 键 词】热带非洲/西亚/英国委任统治/比较????Tropical Africa/Western Asia/Britains mandate/comparisonEE73424UU1689079????英国的“委任统治地”(mandated territory)分布在三个地方：西亚、热带非洲和太平洋岛屿。人们熟知的是英国在西亚肥沃新月地带的巴勒斯坦、伊拉克和外约旦的委任统治，因为世人关注的“中东问题”的源头，可以追溯到英国在这里的委任统治。至于英国在热带非洲的委任统治，除了学习和研究世界近现代史的人之外，大多数人并不了解。教科书中把英国在西非和东非的属地统称为英国的非洲殖民地，并不详细区分哪些是直辖殖民地、哪些是委任统治地。其实，英国在热带非洲的委任统治地的面积，比西亚委任统治地的面积大一倍，进行深入研究很有必要。????一、热带非洲和西亚“委任统治”的由来及演变????第一次世界大战期间，英国和法国占领了德国在热带非洲的属地坦噶尼喀、多哥和喀麦隆。其中坦噶尼喀由英国单独占领，英国人把它当作英属东非的一部分。多哥被英、法两国攻占，分别成为英属黄金海岸和法属西非的一部分。喀麦隆也被英、法分占，并分别成为英属尼日利亚和法属赤道非洲的