Bridges between Classical and Nonmonotonic Logic - cenecc经典和非单调逻辑cenecc之间的桥梁.doc

PAGE PAGE 26Bridges between Classical and Nonmonotonic LogicDavid MakinsonContents1.Introduction1.1. Purpose of this paper1.2. Recalling classical consequence1.3. Some misunderstandings1.4. A habit to suspend 1.5. Four ways of getting more conclusions2. First bridge - using background assumptions2.1. From classical consequence to pivotal assumptions 2.2. From pivotal assumptions to default assumptions 2.3. Generalizations and variants 2.4 Recapitulation3. Second bridge - restricting the set of valuations3.1. From classical consequence to pivotal valuations 3.2. From pivotal valuations to default valuations 3.3. Generalizations and variants 3.4. Recapitulation4. Third bridge - using additional rules4.1. From classical consequence to pivotal rules 4.2. From pivotal rules to default rules 4.3. Generalizations and variants 4.4. Recapitulation5. Relations with probabilistic reasoning5.1. Probabilistic inference5.2. Na?ve probabilistic inference as a bridge system6. Conclusion1. Introduction1.1. Purpose of this Paper The purpose of this paper is to take some of the mystery out of what is known as nonmonotonic logic, by showing that it is not as unfamiliar as may at first sight appear. In fact, it is easily accessible to anybody with a background in classical propositional logic, provided that certain misunderstandings are avoided and a tenacious habit is put aside.In effect, there are logics that act as natural bridges between classical consequence and the principal kinds of nonmonotonic logic to be found in the literature. Like classical logic, they are perfectly monotonic, but they already display some of the distinctive features of the nonmonotonic systems. As well as providing easy conceptual passage to the nonmonotonic case these logics, which we call paraclassical, have an interest of their own. 1.2. Recalling Classical ConsequenceWe assume familiarity with classical propositional consequence, but refresh the memory with some points that are essential for wh