若米尼《兵法概论》分析-an analysis of jominis introduction to the art of war.docxVIP

I I 摘 要 安东尼·亨利·若米尼是拿破仑时期的法军将领，后服务沙皇俄国，是成 功诠释拿破仑战争艺术的、19 世纪最著名的军事思想家之一。他是现代军事战 略的缔造者之一，他的思想在一战之前一直是各国军校的主要课程。19 世纪中 期，大多数的著名欧洲军事学者、以及几乎所有在内战前后接受西点军校教育 的美国将领都深受其影响。他最重要的著作《兵法概论》，是 19 世纪最著名、 最畅销的军事学著作。 若米尼军事思想在其青年时期即初步形成，在瑞士特殊的人文环境中浸润， 更深受启蒙时代的社会思潮熏陶。从拿破仑战争一直到克里米亚战争前夕，若 米尼的思想体系通过战争实践的发展不断得到完善，若米尼自己也不断著书立 说，最终在 19 世纪 50 年代完成了《兵法概论》，成功构建了现代战略的基石。 若米尼在《兵法概论》中，强调战争是艺术而非单纯的科学，但战略确实 由一些不变的战争规律来引导，以研究战史为基础是唯一正确的研究方法；战 争规律是辩证的，只有在重视精神因素和发挥个人主观能动性的前提下，战争 规律才能更好地发挥作用。若米尼既强调战略对战争结果的影响，同时也重视 非战略因素对战争的影响，并将战略规律与自身丰富的战场经验相结合，率先 提出了大战术的组织原则。 《兵法概论》是对当时战争理论的完美的归纳和概括。《兵法概论》的军事 理论在 19 世纪的战争实践中于欧洲和美国表现出了截然不同的结果。在欧洲， 由于长期的相对和平环境和战争的相对有限性，《兵法概论》的思想体系没有受 到大的冲击；而在美国内战之中，其许多战略观点则开始受到新技术的挑战， 但这些在一战以前，并未能动摇若米尼在军事学的权威地位。 关键词：兵法概论、若米尼、拿破仑战争艺术，美国内战 II II Abstract Antoine·Henry·Jomini was a general in the period of Napoleon’s France and later in the Russian service, and one of the most celebrated writers on the Napoleonic art of war in the 19th century . He was one of the founders of modern strategy and his ideas were a staple at military academies before World War I. Most of European generals and almost all the senior generals of the American Civil War--those that had attended West Point were well versed in Jominis theories in the mid-19th century. The Art of War, which is the most important book wrote by Jomini, was the most famous best selling and most influential book in military theoretical field in the 19th century. Jominis military thinking has a initial formation in his youth, affected by the social thoughts in Age of Enlightenment, and was nurtured in a special human environment in Switzerland. From the Napoleonic War th the Crimean War, the ideology of Jomini had been improved through the practice in the battlefield. Jomini stated war in its ensemble is not a science, but an art, but strategy may indeed be regulated by some fixed laws resembling those of the positive sciences in The Art of War. In The Art of War, Jomini stressed that the war is an art rather than science, but the strategy