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Chapter 2Digital Image Fundamentals;Contents in Chapter 2 ;2.1 Elements of Visual Perception;2.1.1 Structure of the Human Eye;2.1.1 Structure of the Human Eye;2.1.1 Structure of the Human Eye;2.1.1 Structure of the Human Eye ;2.1.2 Image Formation in the Eye;2.1.3. Brightness and Adaptation and Discrimination (Fig. 2.4);JND(Just Noticeable Difference);JND(Just Noticeable Difference);實驗：JND;(Figure 2.7a)Perceived Brightness is not a simple function of Intensity!!;(Figure 2.8) Example of Simultaneous Contrast ;Fig. 2.9 Some well-know Optical Illusions;2.2 More on Light and EM Spectrum;2.2 More on Light and EM Spectrum (color);2.2 More on Light and EM Spectrum (color);2.2 More on Light and EM Spectrum ;2.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition;2.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition;2.3.4 A Simple Image model;2.3.4 A Simple Image model;2.3.4 A Simple Image model;2.4 Sampling and Quantization;2.4.2 Representation of Digital Images;2.3.1 Uniform Sampling and quantization;2.4.2 Representation of Digital Images;2.4.2 Storage Required to store an Digital Image;2.4.3 Spatial an Gray Level Resolution;2.4.3 Spatial and Gray-level Resolution (Figure 2.19a);Typical Effects of varying the number of gray levels in a digital image;N and m for three types of contents;N and m for three types of contents;2.4.5 Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images;2.4.5 Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images;2.5 Some basic Relationships Between Pixels