天线传输传输特性22SpreadSpectrum扩频21Antennasand.PPT

CDMA Example If k=6 and code is a sequence of 1s and -1s For a ‘1’ bit, A sends code as chip pattern c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6 For a ‘0’ bit, A sends complement of code -c1, -c2, -c3, -c4, -c5, -c6 Receiver knows sender’s code and performs electronic decode function d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6 = received chip pattern c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6 = sender’s code CDMA Example User A code = 1, –1, –1, 1, –1, 1 To send a 1 bit = 1, –1, –1, 1, –1, 1 To send a 0 bit = –1, 1, 1, –1, 1, –1 User B code = 1, 1, –1, – 1, 1, 1 To send a 1 bit = 1, 1, –1, –1, 1, 1 Receiver receiving with A’s code (A’s code) x (received chip pattern) User A ‘1’ bit: 6 - 1 User A ‘0’ bit: -6 - 0 User B ‘1’ bit: 0 - unwanted signal ignored CDMA for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 分集技术( Diversity Techniques) Diversity is based on the fact that individual channels experience independent fading events Space diversity – techniques involving physical transmission path Frequency diversity – techniques where the signal is spread out over a larger frequency bandwidth or carried on multiple frequency carriers Time diversity – techniques aimed at spreading the data out over time 2.2 Spread Spectrum Reading material: [1]Chapter 7 in [2] 2.2.1 The Concept of Spread Spectrum 扩频技术概述 Spread Spectrum Input is fed into a channel encoder Produces analog signal with narrow bandwidth Signal is further modulated using sequence of digits Spreading code or spreading sequence Generated by pseudonoise, or pseudo-random number generator Effect of modulation is to increase bandwidth of signal to be transmitted Spread Spectrum On receiving end, digit sequence is used to demodulate the spread spectrum signal Signal is fed into a channel decoder to recover data Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum What can be gained from apparent waste of spectrum? Immunity from various kinds of noise and multipath distortion Can be used for hiding and encrypting signals Several users can independently use the same higher bandwidth with very little interfe