国际关键货币.pptVIP

Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 3-* Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Copyright ? 2010 Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 3-* Copyright ? 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 What Is Money? A Comparative Approach to Measuring Money Meaning of Money What is it? Money (or the “money supply”): anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods or services or in the repayment of debts. A rather broad definition Meaning of Money Money (a stock concept 存量觀念) is different from: Wealth (財富): the total collection of pieces of property (財產) that serve to store value Income (所得): flow of earnings per unit of time (a flow concept 流量觀念) Functions of Money Medium of Exchange (交易媒介): Eliminates the trouble of finding a double coincidence (慾望雙重一致)of needs (reduces transaction costs) Promotes specialization(專業) A medium of exchange must Must be easily standardized(標準化) Must be widely accepted(被普遍接受) Must be divisible(可分割) Must be easy to carry(容易攜帶) Must not deteriorate quickly(不易迅速毀損) 3-* 交易媒介 自給自足(barter economy) → 物物直接交換 →(3)物物間接交換 自給自足：恐怖 物物直接交換：「慾望雙重一致(double coincident of wants)」 交易雙方對商品的主觀評價不一致 原因： 願意成交的比率不一致 願意成交的單位不一致 願意成交的時點不一致 如何克服呢？ 物物間接交換 Functions of Money Unit of Account (記帳單位，或價值標準): used to measure value in the economy reduces transaction costs Store of Value (價值儲藏): used to save purchasing power over time. other assets also serve this function Money is the most liquid of all assets but loses value during inflation 3-* 價值標準 五種商品的交易比率有10種， 比率數目： Evolution of the Payments System Commodity Money (商品貨幣) : valuable, easily standardized and divisible commodities (e.g. precious metals, cigarettes). 金屬貨幣：秤量貨幣、鑄造貨幣(銀本位、複本位、金本位) 紙幣：可兌換(代表實體貨幣)、不可兌換(Fiat Money) Fiat Money (命令貨幣) : paper money decreed(頒布) by governments as legal tender(法定貨幣). Evolution of the Payments System Checks(支票): an instruction to your bank to transfer money from your account Electronic Payment(電子支