dredging engineering-part 2 soil 疏浚工程 土质篇.docVIP

Part 2???? Dredging Process 1 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Soil Mechanics 1 1.1 Soil Classification 1 1.2 Soil Properties 1 1.2.1 Phase Relationships of Soil2 1.2.2 Compaction and/or Consistency 2 1.2.3 Permeability 2 1.3? Elementary Soil Tests 7 1.3.1 Permeability Test 7 1.3.2 Mohr Circle 8 1.3.3 Case Study 10 1.3.4 Triaxial Shear TestMohr Failure Envelop 12 1.3.5 Direct Shear TestCoulomb’s Law (1776) 13 1.3.6 Standard Penetration Test--SPT 16 1.4? Passive and Active Failure—Rankine’s Theory of Lateral Earth Pressure 17 1.4.1 Active 1.4.2 Passive 1.5? Stresses in the Subsoil 20 1.5.1 General 20 1.5.2 Determination of Vertical Stresses 22 1.5.3 Overstressed or Understressed Pore Water in a Clay Layer 24 1.6 Consolidation 25 Acknowledgements 25 Part 2???? Dredging Process Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Soil Mechanics 1.1 Soil Classification The object of soil classification is to divide the soil into groups so that all the soils in a particular group have similar characteristics by which they may be identified. In practice, there are many different classifications are used by different institutions, most of these classification systems are based on the outcome of the particle size distribution analyses and the results of the plots on the plasticity chart of Casagrande. Table 1-1 is the internationally most accepted standardization of particle-size-ranges. Table 1-1 Internationally most accepted standardization of particle-size-ranges. fine-grained coarse-grained Clay Silt sand gravel stone Colloids ? fine2~6 medium6~20 Coarse20~60 fine60~200 medium200~600 coarse600~2mm fine2~6 medium6~20 coarse20~60 cobbles60~200 boulders200~ μm (micron) mm Table 1-2 shows the British Soil Classification System for Engineering purpose (BS 5930, 1981). The name and descriptive letters used in this system are explained in table 1-3. 1.2 Soil Properties 1.2.1 Phase Relationships of Soil Soil is a multiphase system, containing three distinct phases: solid, liquid (water) and g