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27 dorganic chemistry - morgan park high school(ppt-76)文档wv2pp.ppt

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27 dorganic chemistry - morgan park high school(ppt-76)文档wv2pp

General Chemistry: Chapter 27 Chemistry 140 Fall 2002 Chapter 27: Organic Chemistry Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Prentice-Hall ? 2002 Contents Contents 27-1 Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview Hydrocarbons – the simplest organic compounds. Simplest hydrocarbon is methane. Ethane Skeletal Isomerism Simplified Drawings of Organic Structures Nomenclature Select the longest continuous carbon chain. This determines the base name. Consider each branch and name similarly except change the name from –ane to –yl. Number the C atoms so that substituents have the lowest possible number. Nomenclature Name each substituent according to its identity and the number of the C atom to which it is attached. Use di, tri, tetra as appropriate. Separate numbers from one another by commas. List substituents alphabetically by name. Table 27.1. Some Common Alkyl Groups Positional Isomerism Functional Groups Functional Groups 27-2 Alkanes Conformations Ring Structures Ring Strain Cyclohexane Conformations Preparation of Alkanes Reactions of Alkanes Combustion Reactions Table 27.4 Principle Petroleum Fractions Octane Number 27-3 Alkenes and Alkynes Geometric Isomerism Elimination Reaction Addition Reactions Hydration Reaction Reduction of C=C 27-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Characteristics of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Planar (flat) cyclic molecules. Conjugated п systems (4n + 2) Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Substitution Reactions Aromatic Subsitution Reactions 27-5 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Preparation and Use of Alcohols Preparation and Use of Alcohols Methanol. 21st amongst industrial chemicals. Ethanol. fermentation or by hydration of ethylene. Ehylene glycol. High boiling point, soluble in water. Glycerin. Ethers Aldehydes and Ketones Preparation and Use Oxidation of alcohols. Extract from natural sources Acetone is extensively used as a solvent. Addition Reactions of the Carbonyl Group 27-7 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Oxidation o