核外遗传幻灯片.pptxVIP

第八章 核外遗传  Extranuclear Inheritance;;第一节 细胞器遗传 Organelle heredity;;;一、叶绿体遗传(chloroplast heredity);; ;3. The genome of chloroplast 叶绿体基因组;;;二、线粒体遗传(Mitochondrial heredity);2. Petite in Saccharomyces（酿酒酵母） ;;;;;mtDNAs of most species are circular The size of mtDNA differs greatly among organisms With only rare exceptions, no introns present in mitochondrial genes and gene repetitions are few or none Expression of mitochondrial genes uses several modifications of genetic code. MtDNA encodes some of the proteins that constitute the oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化 system and encodes tRNAs, rRNAs, and some proteins used in mitochondrial protein synthesis ;Human mtDNA packed tightly The larger yeast mtDNA contains spacers and introns The liverwort mtDNA contain many more genes;;Characteristic pedigree of mitochondrial disease;Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease，MERRF 肌阵挛性癫痫与破损性红肌纤维病 ;The proportion of mutant mitochondria determines the severity of the MERRF phenotype and the tissue that are affected;;; Mitochondrial mutations and aging Mt DNA accumulate much more mutations than nuclear DNA (10 times in vertebrate). This is in part because the oxidative phosphorylation （氧化磷酸化） system in mitochondrial generates a relatively high concentration of DNA damaging free radicals in a membrane-confined space. The mutations result in an age-related decline in oxidative phosphorylation， which accounts for some symptomes of aging;5. Mt DNA in genetic analysis Characteristics of mtDNA Maternal inheritance A lack of recombination A high variable non-coding region of 331bp A large number of mtDNAs per cell ; mtDNA tests are used as evidence in kinship mtDNA and human emerged and evolved ;Summary of Organelle heredity; 第二节 感染性遗传 Infectious Heredity;;接合生殖;自体受精 autogamy ;;; 第三节 母性影响 Maternal effect;; 2. Limnaea（椎实螺） coiling ;;第四节 植物细胞质雄性不育 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Plants;;;;