Chapter 3 Wr frmatin文档.doc

PAGE PAGE 1 Chapter 3 Word formation( the three major process of word-formation) Explain : Word-formation rules: Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes. ?? Root,stem and base. （词根、词干和词基） Analyze the word denationalized into root,base and stem 1)Root: A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. Free root: A root which can stand itself and can be used seperately to form a new word. A word consisting of one free root or one morhpeme is a simple word.e.g., man,talk,red,etc. A free root is a free morpheme. Bound root: A root which cannot stand itself and cannot be used seperately,but as an attachment to be added to a word to form a new word. such as “tain,ceive”.Bound roots must be used together with other elements to form a word, e.g. “con+tain” = “contain” 2)Stem: A stem refers to the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme (曲折詞素)in a word with inflectional morphemes.e.g. worker in workers is a stem. 3)Base(词基）:A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added;it may also be defined as a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied.This means that any root or stem can be termed a base.Such as,desirable is a base in undesirable. 4) The differences between root,stem,base: A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,no further analysis.Such as nation is a root in international. A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyszed,it sometimes could be a root. e.g. desire is a stem in desired. A base is a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied,it could be a root or a stem.Such as internation is a base in international. compounding Composition or Compounding (27%) （复合法） Defini