第二章 西欧各国封建制度的发展 第四节 商业城市兴起和十字军东侵mkm7gtz_.pptVIP

Crusades in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries were holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslim Arabs or the Turks. In the later twelfth and entire thirteenth centuries, crusades were also directed against Europe’s domestic enemies, heretics. Between 1096 and 1270 there were at least eight campaigns to wrest the Holy Land from the infidels. Throughout this period, Christians alone and in groups left Europe in a steady trickle for the Middle East. Although people of all ages and classes participated in the Crusades, so many knights did so that crusading became a distinctive feature of the upper-class lifestyle. In an aristocratic, military society, men coveted reputations as Crusaders; the Christian knight who had been to the Holy Land enjoyed great prestige. The Crusaders manifested the religious and chivalric ideals---as well as the tremendous vitality---of medieval society. The Crusades of the High Middle Ages grew out of earlier conflict between Christians and Muslims in Spain. The concept of a holy war originated in the Spanish peninsula and gradually influenced all parts of western Europe. In the eighth century, the Muslims had overrun the peninsula, and Christian lords had fled into the mountains in the north. In the tenth century, Christians started the reconquista, or holy war of reconquest. Christian warriors made slow progress—not until 1492 did Isabella and Ferdinand finally succeed in expelling the Arabs—but by about1250 Christian kings had regained about 90 percent of the peninsula. The reconquista dominates the history of medieval Spain. The Roman papacy supported the holy war in Spain and by the late eleventh century had strong reasons for wanting to launch an expedition against Muslim infidels in the Middle East as well. The papacy had been involved in bitter struggle over investiture with the German emperors. If the pope could muster a large army against the enemies of Christianity, his claim to