再论gardn path sentence.pptVIP

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再论gardn path sentence

再论‘garden path sentence’ ——兼谈 ‘doublespeak’ 7.1 Garden Path Sentence 7.2 Doublespeak 7.3 比较与讨论 7.4 参考文献 Garden path sentence, 花园小径现象是语言处理过程中一种特殊的语言歧义现象。始于20世纪70年代Bever和Kimball等人从心理语言学的句法分析角度对英语花园小径句的关注。Bever对这一类句子的界定是:“对一个句子按常规方式理解,直到句子后面才发现理解有误,然后回到分叉点对输入的语言重新进行处理,采用非常规的方式才能达到理解的目的。” 句法层面 The horse raced past the barn fell. The raft floated down the river sank.(过去分词和一般过去式在形式上的相同) She told me a little white lie will come back to haunt me. I convinced her children are noisy.(宾语从句引导语的省略) 语义层面 The florist sent the flowers was very pleased. The performer sent the flowers was very pleased.(词义角色的影响) The defendant examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable. The evidence examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable.(主语的生命性) 语义层面 The old man the boat. Fat people eats accumulates.(一词多义) The defendant examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable. The evidence examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable.(主语的生命性) 语用层面 前面提到的例子“Ernie kissed Marcie and her sister smiled.”是一个花园小径句,但如果出现在如下的语境中,这种现象就消失了。Marcie and Ernie have been in love for eight years. Last night, finally, Marcie accepted Ernie’s proposal. Ernie kissed Marcie and her sister smiled. (通过句中的关联因素化解花园小径现象) 语用层面 Yesterday a black dog bit a little boy. It got away and we are still trying to find it. He is short and has a dog tag on his neck that says Fred. He was scared but wasn’t really hurt. (指称关系的混淆) Doublespeak, “双言巧语”是一种故意篡改或隐藏原意的修辞手法,在英语中被广泛使用。然而,的提法却是上个世纪的新事物。20 世纪50 年代,“双言巧语”一词首先出现在美国。可以说,该词间接起源于乔治·奥威尔的著名的小说《一九八四》。在该小说中,奥威尔特别创造出“ 新说法” (newspeak)、 “旧说法” (oldspeak )及“双重思考” (doublethink)等词,用来形容政府试图颠倒是非和混淆视听的做法。当《一九八四》成为畅销读物以后,人们在一些英文名词后加上“speak”(例如Irakspeak )来创造新词的做法颇为流行。 委婉语(euphemism)是一种修辞技巧,意思是把原来显得粗鲁或令人不快的话说得婉转或含蓄。委婉语经常使用温和、典雅的词语来替代那些表达严酷或具有攻击性的事实,或用迂回曲折的说法取代一些直截了当的词语,避免谈论某些不雅或可能伤害他人感情的话题。例如,狄更斯在小说《大卫·科波菲尔》中,采用“he went out with the tide”(他随海潮退去),委婉地说明 “他死了”的事实,这种修辞手法就是典型的委婉语。 然而,如果委婉语用来达到混淆视听或欺上瞒下的目的,就成为“双言巧语”。例如,1984 美国国务院决定在世界各国的人权状况年度报告书中停止使用“killing”一

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