第4章节-热力学第二定律.pptVIP

Thermodynamics --- Chapter 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics --- Chapter 4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics Contents The second law of thermodynamics which asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that energy has quality as well as quantity; The Carnot cycle and Carnot principles; Entropy; The Increase of Entropy Principle in Isolated System; Exergy: A measure of work potential. 解：（1）在理想情况下，若无不可逆损失。在两个 热源间工作的可逆循环的热效率同卡诺循环： 根据： 即是最大循环净功。 简单求解过程 Δs T 0 s TH TL T2 T1 A B C D （2）吸热时有200K温差，放热时有100K温差，与热源间存在传热温差，为不可逆循环。这时工质的吸热，放热温度分别为T1=800K，T2=400K。 设想在热源与工质间插入中间热源，比如热阻板，使与热源接触的一侧温度接近TH，与工质接触的另一侧温度接近TL，而将不可逆循环问题转化为工质与T1=800K，T2=400K的两个中间热源的可逆循环。 因而热效率为： 净功： 分析：借助中间热源是为了方便计算。计算结果，即在TH，TL下进行的不可逆循环的热效率低于可逆循环，验证了卡诺定理。 Δs T 0 s TH TL T2 T1 A B C D 4-3 Entropy（熵） 4-3-1 Entropy 1. Clausius Equality（克劳修斯等式） Carnot efficiency Thus: Where Q1，Q2 is absolute values If Q1，Q2 is algebra numbers The cyclic sum of Q/T is always equal to zero for a Carnot cycle. Validity: Any reversible heat engines(T1，T2). notes For any reversible cycle a b s c d p 2 1 v B A 0 Divided the whole cycle with reversible adiabatic lines For a differential cycle abcda — differential Carnot cycle For the whole reversible cycle, Where: δQ1, δQ2: the heat transferred between substance and resources T1，T2 : absolute temperature of reservoirs Unify symbol： p 2 1 v B A 0 no relative to the path —— Clausius equality. The cyclic integral ofδQ/T is always equal to zero for a reversible cycle. 2. Definition of Entropy In a reversible process For mass 1kg: For a process 1-2: For cycle Unit: J/K， J/(kg.K). In 1865,first stated by the German physicist R.J.E.Clausius(1822-1888) 3. The calculation of Entropy Change （1）For ideal gases （2）For solids and liquids 4-3-2 Clausius Inequality（克劳修斯不等式） 1. Inequality From Carnot Principle 2: The efficiency of an irreversible he