Cultural and recreational industries in the United States英文版.pdfVIP

The Service Industries Journal Vol. 28, No. 3, April 2008, 375–391 Cultural and recreational industries in the United States William B. Beyers Department of Geography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA This article focuses on cultural and recreational industries in the United States. Cultural industries are defined as arts, entertainment, and recreation, as well as components of education, the information sector, wholesaling and retailing, manufacturing (for example, musical instruments), and accommodation and food services. Consumption patterns of cultural industries are shown to have changed significantly over the past 40 years in the United States. This change has been associated in part with changing infor- mation technologies, and in part by changes in policies permitting new types of recreation, especially gambling. The study documents the changing level of employment in these industries by state, using data for both employers and proprietors. Some sectors are highly concentrated spatially, while others are distributed widely. Keywords: consumption; cultural employment; cultural industries; recreational expenditures Introduction Cultural industries are defined for the purposes of this article as a broad collection of economic activities associated with the consumption of culture. In this study cultural industries are not ´ equated with arts, sports, or recreation, but rather are considered to be the melange of activity associated with these three categories of consumption and related activities. It is clear that activity in these categories blends into one another; they are not mutually exclusive. This