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Comparison of Human Language and Animal Communication
Similarity:? Both are composed of SIGNS (forms with meaning)
Six Key Differences:
1. Animal: The signs of animal systems are inborn.
??? Human:? The capacity to be creative with signs is inborn,
??????????? but the signs (words) themselves are acquired culturally.
2. Animal: Communication is set responses to stimuli (indexes).
??? Human: Not limited to use as an index.?????
3. Animal: Each sign has one and only one function; each meaning can be expressed only in one way
??? Human: Signs often have multiple functions; one meaning can be expresses in many ways
4. Animal: Not naturally used in novel way
??? Human: Creative, can be adapted to new situations
5. Animal: Closed inventory of signs; only a set number of different messages can be sent
??? Human: Open ended.? Grammar (rules of syntax) allows a virtually unlimited number of messages to be constructed
6. Animal: Change extremely slowly, with the speed of genetic ? evolution.
??? Human: Change rapidly as a cultural phenomenon.
?Swahili???(adapted from?An Introduction to Language, Fromkin and Rodman)
1. mtoto amefika
The child has arrived
9. kisu kimeanguka
The knife has fallen
2. mtoto anafika
The child is arriving
10. kisu kinaanguka
The knife is falling
3. watoto wamefika
The children have arrived
11. visu vimeanguka
The knives have fallen
4. watoto wanafika
The children are arriving
12. visu vinaanguka
The knives are falling
5. mtu amelala
The man has slept
13. kikapu kimeanguka???
The basket has fallen
6. mtu analala
The man is sleeping
14. vikapu vinaanguka
The baskets are falling
7. watu wamelala
The men have slept
15. mtoto ameanguka
The child has fallen
8. watu wanalala
The men are sleeping
16. watu wanaanguka
The men are falling
One of the characteristic features of Swahili (and Bantu languages in general) is the existence of noun classes. There are specific singular and plural prefixes that occur with the nouns of each class. These prefixes are also
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