三三原则化解直接引语与间接引语.docVIP

三三原则化解直接引语与间接引语 　　在日常生活中,我们常常需要引用或转述别人的话。第一种是直接引语(Direct Speech):引用原话,放于引号内,如写文章时的“引经据典”;另一种是间接引语(Indirect Speech):用自己的话进行转述,被转述的话不放于引号内。这两种引语都主要在句子中构成宾语从句或复合宾语。 　　关于直接引语和间接引语的转换,我们要记好以下“三三”原则:从英语句型的角度看,被转述的句子分陈述句、疑问句和祈使句;从转化的变化来看,重点是人称、时态和状语的变化;从转化的情形来看,主要是“下级”向“上级”传达,“听觉好”的向“听觉不好”的传达,以及“自我反思”时候的回顾。下面分别加以叙述: 　　 　　 　　陈述句 　　 　　将陈述句直接引语转换为间接引语时,只要记住“一连五变五不变”,便可万无一失。“一连”即一个连接词that; “五变”即人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、??点状语和方向性动词做相应的变化;“五不变”是指五种时态不变的情况。 　　(1) “一连” 　　that用于连接直接引语变间接引语后的宾语从句,在口语中常可省略不用。主句引述动词主要为say,tell,repeat,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare, 　　think等。如: 　　Amy said,“I won’t lose heart.” 　　 　　→Amy said (that) she wouldn’t lose heart. 　　(2) “五变” 　　① 人称的变化 　　直接引语中的代词变为间接引语时,要根据句意情景进行变化,一般来说是“一主二宾三不变”。 　　“一主”是指直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时,须与主句的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如: 　　I said,“I can’t wait to see what Africa is like.” 　　→I said I couldn’t wait to see what Africa was like. 　　“二宾”是指直接引语的第二人称变为间接引语时,须与主句中的宾语在人称和数上保持一致。如: 　　Mr. Smith told Jack,“You’ve won the first place in the singing contest.” 　　→Mr. Smith told Jack that he had won the first place in the singing contest. 　　“三不变”是指直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时人称不变。如: 　　Mary told me,“Mike is feeling much better.” 　　→Mary told me that Mike was feeling much better. 　　② 时态的变化 　　间接引语的时态应根据主句时态相应向前推一个时态。如下表所示: 　　请观察下列直接引语与间接引语之间的变化: 　　1. The girl said,“I’m sorry for being late for class.” 　　→The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class. 　　2. He said,“I have worked out the maths problem.” 　　→He said that he had worked out the maths problem. 　　3. “I have been waiting for an hour but he still hasn’t turned up.” she complained. 　　→She complained that she had been waiting for an hour but he still hadn’t turned up. 　　4. The big big wolf said,“I’ll be back again.” 　　→The big big wolf said that he would be back again. 　　③ 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、方向性动词的变化 　　指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、方向性动词的变化如下表所示: 　　(3) “五不变” 　　一般来说当直接引语在转换为间接引语时,被转述的话依然有效时或在当时、当地转述时,常常不改变时态。具体有以下几种情况: 　　① 直接引语有确定的过去时间。 　　The book said,“Zhu Yuanzhang founded the M