2nd-Language-Acquisition第二语言习得.pdf

Adapted from: Dr. Mary Carol Combs, Dr. Kip Tellez, and Dr. Sylvia Celedón-Pattichis ► The differences between social and academic language (sometimes known as BICS CALP) BICS: Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills CALPS: Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency Theorists: Jim Cummins, 1981, 1994 Virginia Collier, 1987, 1995 Ana Chamot Michael O’Malley, 1986 Language that develops [relatively easily] from social activities (play, TV/movies/radio, informal or conversational exchanges). Other examples: retelling events talking about experiences describing activities giving personal opinions Social language is context-embedded, that is, comprehension is aided by context clues, like facial expressions, body language, modeling or demonstrations, visual clues and cues, etc. Because it is embedded in social interaction, social language is thought to be cognitively undemanding. The kind of abstract, Forms of academic higher-level academic language include discourse that might ◦ Comparing and contrasting be found in more ◦ Listing, defining, classifying ◦ Predicting, explaining, formal settings, like a analyzing, justifying classroom for ◦ Inferring, deducing example. ◦ Integrating, evaluating ◦ Arguing, persuading, defending Typically, academic language is context-reduced, meaning that there are fewer clues or supports to help students comprehend content information. Because of the lack of environment clues, academic language is thought to be more cognitively demanding than social language.