分子生物学杨洋第八章-遗传密码-geneticcode.ppt

Outline: 1 遗传密码的破译 2 遗传密码的特征与性质 3 遗传密码的简并性和摆动假说 4 改变遗传密码的几类突变 4.1 错义突变 4.2 无义突变 4.3 移码突变 5 基因内抑制突变和基因间抑制突变 6 遗传密码的通用性 2010年5月美国科学家造出人造生命 克雷格·文特尔将一种称为丝状支原体丝状亚种的微生物的DNA进行重塑，并将新的DNA片段“粘”在一起，植入另一种细菌中 新的生命由此诞生，这种新生的微生物能够生长、繁殖，并产生一代又一代的人造生命。植入的DNA片段包含约850个基因，而人类的DNA图谱上共有约20000个基因。 这个人造生命被称为“人造儿”(synthia)，它是人类科学史上一个革命性的成果，为今后人造微生物的应用研究铺平了道路。 在未来，人类也许能够建立微生物“制造厂”，制造出微生物药剂、微生物燃料，以及能够分解污染物的微生物“清洁工” 然而，科学的发展总是一把双刃剑。道德主义者指责制造人工生命是“渎神”，是“藐视生命”。 有人担心“人造儿”开启了“潘多拉的魔盒”，为未来制造生化武器奠定了基础，而实验室一个微小的失误就可能产生新的瘟疫，夺去数百万人的生命 二 遗传密码的特征与性质 Are there gaps in the code?(密码中存在间隙或停顿吗?) Because the gene could tolerate three insertions but not one or two, the genetic code must be read in units of three. 反密码子中存在一种稀有碱基—次黄嘌呤，这有什么生物学意义 ?? Wobble Concept（摆动学说） In 1966, Francis Crick devised the wobble concept. It states that the base at the 5’ end of the anticodon is not as spatially confined as the other two, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds with more than one bases located at the 3’ end of a codon. 3. Frameshift mutation（移码突变）: Insertions or deletions of one or a small number of base pairs that alter the reading frame. The mechanism of intragenic suppression and intergenic suppression is completely different. The results of large-scale sequencing of genomes have confirmed the universality of the genetic code. Many amino acids are specified by more than one codon-degeneracy (简并性). Codons specifying the same amino acid are called synonyms (同义密码子). G The genetic code evolved in such a way as to minimize the deleterious effects of mutations. Code degeneracy may serve as a safety mechanism to minimize errors in the reading of codons. Figure 15-1 Codon-anticodon pairing of two tRNA Leu moleculars 5-CUG-3 5-CUC-3 Leu Leu Wobble in the Anticodon (反密码子具有摇摆性) Question: Is there a specific tRNA for every codon? (If it was true, at least 61 different tRNAs would exist.) The answer is NO Some tRNA could recognize several different codons Inosine(I, 次黄嘌呤) is present in the