资料分析三次上课大纲培训资料.ppt

1. Logic of ANOVA : Eyeball test ANOVA A B Using 95% Confidence Limits A: Non-Significant B: Significant Why? Between group variation Within group variation Why not do 2-s test 3 times? Alpha error inflated Ex: 7 groups MD comparisons 1 / 21 0.05 !! 1 2 3 1 2 3 Data sheet: k groups MD comparison ANOVA Logic of ANOVA: SS Partition Total Difference divided into two parts (Observed－group mean)＋(group mean－grand mean) ? Total sum of squares divided into two parts SS Total = SS Between + SS Within (or Error) ? SST = SSB + SSE ? Partition of TD TSS Model of one-way ANOVA ? ANOVA A B C Assumptions in ANOVA Normal Distribution: Y values in each group Not very important, esp. for large n If not ND and small n: Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric Equal variance: homogeneity If not: data transformation or ask for help Random independent sample F test: variance ratio test Review: F test for equal variance in 2-s t test F test: F=V1/V2 The larger V is divided by the smaller V If two variances are about equal, the ratio is about 1 The critical value of F distribution depends on DFs ANOVA for mean difference, k groups Null hypothesis: ?1= ?2 = ?3=…= ?k Variance Between / Variance within If F is about to 1, it’s meaningless for grouping ANOVA F test : named after Fisher Characteristics a sickly, poor-eyesighted child The teacher used no paper/pencil to teach him Very strong instinct on geometry Mathematicians take years to prove his formulas Persistence Calculation of ANOVA tables takes Fisher 8 months, 8h/D to finish!! Reference: The lady tasting tea, Salsburg, 2001 「統計，改變了世界」天下，2001 Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890-1962 ANOVA One-way ANOVA table F test: ANOVA 2. Multiple Comparison Definition: Contrast btw 2 means: ?1? ?2 More than 2 means is OK: [(?1 ? ?2 )/2]? ?c Compare the overall effect of the drug with that of placebo Contrast Coefficients: add to 0 Orthogonal Two contrasts are orthogonal if they don’t use the same information Ex: (?1? ?2) and (?3? ?4), i.e. the question