常见的神经肽.ppt

* * * * * Figure 22-5. Schematic illustration of the mechanisms by which primary messengers stimulate guanylyl cyclase. Two major classes of guanylyl cyclase (GC) are known: membrane-bound and soluble. The membrane-bound forms (GC-A, GC-B and GC-C) contain extracellular receptor domains that recognize specific peptide ligands, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and related peptides: GC-A binds ANP and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and GC-B binds C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). GC-C binds the endogenous peptide guanylin, as well as a heat-stable bacterial enterotoxin (STa). The membrane-bound receptors contain an intracellular kinase-like domain that binds ATP and a catalytic domain that synthesizes cGMP from GTP. The soluble forms contain the catalytic domains only, a and b subunits, and are activated by nitric oxide (NO). Catalytic activity of soluble guanylyl cyclase is dependent on the presence of both a and b subunits. Primary messengers lead to activation of NO synthesis by increasing cellular levels of Ca2+, which in conjunction with calmodulin activates NO synthase. Primary messengers increase cellular Ca2+ levels in most cases by depolarizing neuronal membranes and thereby activating voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and increasing the flux of Ca2+ into the cell via nerve impulses, glutamate, acetylcholine or substance P. In some cases, Ca2+ can enter the cell directly via ligand-gated ion channels, as with NMDA glutamate receptors. Primary messengers also can regulate cellular Ca2+ by stimulating Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. * Corticotropin releasing hormones 促皮质素释放因子 Vasopressin 加压素 Oxytocin ,催产素 * * * PACAP（垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽） LHRH(促黄体素释放激素） * Figure 22-5. Schematic illustration of the mechanisms by which primary messengers stimulate guanylyl cyclase. Two major classes of guanylyl cyclase (GC) are known: membrane-bound and soluble. The membrane-bound forms (GC-A, GC-B and GC-C) contain extracellular receptor domains that recognize specific peptide