声学基础课件许肖梅fundamentalsofacoustics07-14.ppt

* Spherical Waves and Cylindrical Waves Thus far we have developed a set of differential equations that describe the local behavior of sound waves. We become acquainted with some other important types of wave behavior ----- spherical waves. Our emphasis here is on the waves themselves and in the following chapter we will pursue the interaction of these waves with their sources. Spherical spreading describes the decrease in level when a sound wave propagates away from a source uniformly in all directions. Sound levels are therefore constant on spherical surfaces surrounding the sound source. Sound levels decrease rapidly as sound spreads out from a sphere with a radius of r0 to a larger sphere with a radius r. Spherical waves are represented in complex form by The wave diminish in amplitude as the distance from the source increase. the particle velocity is not in phase with the pressure. The Acoustic impedance Separating za into real and imaginary parts, we have The first term is the acoustic resistance, and the second term is the acoustic reactance. The acoustic impedance of spherical wave Real , imaginary parts and phase We emphasize again that the acoustic impedance depends on the frequency , as well as on the medium, the wave type, and the geometric position. Neither the frequency nor the distance alone is so important as is the dimension combination kr. For kr 1, Za is predominantly resistive, meaning that energy fed into such waves propagates away from the source, never to return. The larger the value of kr, the less curved are the wave fronts and the more nearly do these waves act just like plane waves. But for kr 1 the reactive component is large, and it is positive ( masslike ) This means that pushing on such a wave is mainly a matter of storing kinetic energy in motion of the liquid, where it can be recovered later by the source. (like energy in an electrical inductor ) The intensity and power of spherical waves There is an alternative view tha