声学基础课件许肖梅fundamentalsofacoustics07-13.ppt

* Some General Wave Phenomena Standing Waves Taking the example of two sinusoidal waves with equal amplitudes moving in opposite directions: This expression has two parts: first part is a standing wave field. It describes a waveform that does not propagate along the x direction, instead , the waveform remains stationary. Such a wave is called a standing wave and is mathematically characterized by an amplitude that depends on the position along the x direction. The positions of maximum pressure are called antinodes of standing wave. Where the pressure is zero at all time , called nodes of standing wave. when The Interference of Sound Waves If sound waves of the same frequency and amplitude are superposed, they either neutralize or reinforce each other’s effects. The phenomenon is described as interference. This could be the case for two signals both deriving from the same source, such as two speakers both being driven by the same signal generator or light from a single laser beam being split and recombined Two signals that have a definite fixed relative phase relation are called coherent. When Maximum cooperation When Maximum cancellation 3-9 Spherical Acoustic Waves A disturbance is produced by a point source and propagated away from the sphere uniformly in all direction as spherical waves, we have spherical acoustic waves Expressed in spherical coordinates the wave equation is If the waves have spherical symmetry, the acoustic pressure p is a function of radial distance and time but not of the angular coordinates Spherical acoustic waves do not change shape as they spread out. Although the wavefront of spherical acoustic waves can be assumed plane at great distances from the source, many acoustical problems are concerned with diverging spherical acoustic waves radiated from a simple source rather than plane acoustic waves. In the case of spherical symmetry, the wave equation simplifies to : Rewriting the wave equation : The equation is of the same form a