句法学(精品·公开课件).ppt

Chapter FourSyntax Question （1）how many morphemes are there in the word “denationalization”? （2）Under what circumstances, “I is……” can be seen a write beginning of a sentence? Syntax这个词本身就来自于希腊语，由两个语素构成。Syn-表示“一起、共同”，-tax表示“安排、排列”。 Syntax本来的意思是“排列在一起”或“组合”的意思。 Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. 在语言学上，它是指研究语言中词组合成句子的支配规则，或者简单地说，是研究句子的构造。 Traditional school (传统学派) 传统学派认为句子是词的序列。因此对句子构造的研究涉及到了对词的大量的研究。 例如：词类是对词进行的分类，而主语、谓语等是对词的功能的描写。 1.Category （范畴） The term category refers to the defining properties of these general units（语言单位的特性）: Categories of the noun: number, gender, case and countability Categories of the verb: tense, aspect, voice 1.1 Number Number is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular, dual, plural, etc. In English, number is mainly observed in nouns, and there are only two forms: singular and plural, such as dog: dogs. Number is also reflected in the inflections of pronouns and verbs, such as He laughs: They laugh, this man: these men. In other languages, for example, French, the manifestation of number can also be found in adjectives and articles. le cheval royal (the royal horse) les chevaux royaux (the royal horses) 1.2 Gender Such contrasts as “masculine : feminine : neuter（阳性，阴性，中性）”, “animate : inanimate（有生命的，非生命的）”, etc. for the analysis of word classes. Though there is a correlation between natural gender and grammatical gender （自然性别和语法性别）, the assignment may seem quite arbitrary in many cases. For instance, in Latin, ignis ‘fire’ is masculine, while flamma ‘flame’ is feminine. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and, they are mainly of the natural gender （自然性别）type. he: she: it prince: princess author: authoress In French, gender is manifested also both in