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Cell proliferation and its regulation Significance: 1. For the growth and development of a multicellular organism, and for the generation of offspring; 2. Produce new organisms in unicellular species; 3. Renew the aging, apoptotic cells, and damaged tissue; So, cell proliferation is one of the most important characters for life 1. The cell cycle A. Overview of the cell cycle Different cell cycle length Biochemical events of cell cycle Three categories of cells in vivo B. Synchronization of cell (for cell population) Special cell cycles— Early embryo (30min/cell cycle) (2) Prometaphase Spindle MTs capture chromosomes  . The pushing and pulling forces drive the chromosomes to the metaphase plate (3) Metaphase The events of Anaphase: Both anaphase A and anaphase B contribute to the movement of chromosome toward the spindle poles A model explains the chromosome movement in anaphase (5) Telophase 3. Cytokinesis (1) In animal cells (2) In plant cells: The phragmoplast guides cytokinesis in higher plants; Chromosome uncondense Nuclear envelope reforms around individual chromosome Golgi, ER reconstruct Nucleolus reassemble Mitosis ends The MT of mitotic spindle determine the plane of animal cell division; Mitosis can occur without cytokinesis. Contractile ring: Actin and myosinII in the contractile ring generate the force for cytokinesis The assembly of the cell plate begins in late anaphase and is guided by phragmoplast 4. Meiosis The comparison of meiosis and mitosis Two major contributions to the reassortment of genetic material that occurs in the production of gametes during meiosis. Visible evidence of crossing over Comparison of the mechanisms of chromosome alignment (at metaphase) and separation (at anaphase) in meiotic division I and meiotic division II. Meiotic chromosome pairing culminates in the formation of the synaptonemal complex Influence of Sry on gonad development. The stages of oogenesis and sperm